The 12 January 2020 eruption of Taal Volcano generated a vertical volcanic eruption column consisting of a gas thrust (jet phase), a convective, and an umbrella region 31. ![]() The results can also be used to compare dune deposits formed by volcanic, and other processes on Earth and other planets 28, 29, 30.Īnalysis of time-series imagery and video analysis Maungataketake, New Zealand Tungurahua, Ecuador Taal, Philippines), when erosion, deposition, and vegetation have obliterated or concealed important features that hinder better understanding of flow emplacement and dynamics 22, 23, 24.Īs one of the 16 Decade Volcanoes 25, 26, 27 identified by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth’s Interior (IAVCEI), this work on the Taal Volcano 2020 base surges is of particular importance because of the destructive nature and proximity of the volcano to densely populated areas. Often, these deposits are studied as discontinuous outcrops years after an eruptive event (e.g. The dune field in the southeast sector offers a rare, largely undisturbed, and nearly complete picture of a base surge deposit field, which we describe concisely in this article. Pre-eruption Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data and post-eruption drone-generated Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) were used to measure the thickness and estimate the volume of the latest surge deposits of Taal Volcano. These base surges were mapped in the field with the aid of satellite and drone technologies. flora and fauna) and clues on how to make the area productive again 21. The 2020 base surges were accidentally discovered during an ecological expedition on the barren Taal Volcano Island (TVI) to search for signs of life (i.e. Until the time of this writing, there is no verbal account nor published report on the occurrence of base surges from Taal Volcano’s 2020 eruption. ![]() Here, we report the seventh distinct eruption of Taal Volcano that generated base surges. Out of the 34 recorded historical eruptions since AD1572, Taal had six distinct eruptions reported to have generated base surges 19, 20. Other eruptive events, such as in AD1716, AD1731, AD1749, and AD1754, were also described to produce base surges resulting in thousands of deaths 20. The 1911 eruption of Taal Volcano killed 1,335 people 19, whereas the 1965 eruption killed 200 6. Base surges form when magma and water interact during explosive phreatomagmatic eruptions 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18. Base surges are the dilute, wet, and turbulent end-member of Pyroclastic Density Currents (PDCs), which are gravity-driven flows generated by the collapse and lateral spreading of hot gas particle-laden mixtures produced during explosive volcanic eruptions 11, 12. Moore 6, 7, who after observations of similar basal flows in nuclear blasts, coined the word “Base Surge”, a term still used in the volcanological literature and by warning agencies until today 8, 9, 10. Taal Volcano’s 1965 eruption was well-documented by J.G. Considering the sudden and explosive nature of Taal Volcano’s 2020 eruption that generated base surges, the number of recorded fatalities could have easily been higher.īase surges are one of the most lethal and destructive hazards of Taal’s historical eruptions 5. Another man who failed to evacuate from the island is still missing 4. Only one death was directly attributed to the explosive eruption, the body of a person retrieved under a ~ 1.5 m-thick pyroclastic deposit on the west coast of Taal Volcano Island (TVI). After 43 years of repose, Taal Volcano erupted on 12 January 2020 forming a 17–21-km high plume 1, 2, 3 causing prolonged widespread disruption to the normal daily activities of surrounding populations.
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